Waba uzi ibikoresho byo gupakira hamwe nuburyo bwo gutwara ibintu nibyiza?
Ibicuruzwa
Gupakira ni ijambo rusange kubikoresho, ibikoresho nibikoresho bifasha bikoreshwa muburyo bumwe bwa tekiniki bwo kurinda ibicuruzwa, koroshya kubika no gutwara, no guteza imbere kugurisha mugihe cyo gutwara. Ibikorwa by'ingenzi byo gupakira ni ibi bikurikira:
2. Kunoza imikorereimikorere yibicuruzwa mubikorwa bya logistique Gupakira ibicuruzwa byakusanyirijwe mubikorwa bya logistique bigira ingaruka itaziguye ku gupakira no gupakurura ibinyabiziga, kwakira no kugemura ibicuruzwa mububiko, nigipimo cyo gukoresha ingano yo kwimukira mumodoka no mububiko.
1. Irinde ibicuruzwa kwangirika mugihe cyo gutwara
Kurugero: ibyangiritse biterwa nibidukikije bifatika nko kunyeganyega, ingaruka, gucumita no gusohora, kimwe no gusenyuka no gusenya amasahani, guteranya cyangwa uburyo bwo gutwara abantu; kwangiza ibidukikije bisanzwe nkimirase.
3. Kohereza amakuru
Ibicuruzwa bipfunyitse bigomba kuba bifite amakuru nko kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa, uwabikoze, izina ryibicuruzwa, ingano yimbere, itariki na kode iranga, bifite akamaro kanini mugihe wakiriye, guhitamo no kwemeza inzira.
4. Guteza imbere kugurisha
Igishushanyo mbonera, ibikoresho, icapiro ryamabara hamwe nidirishya rifungura ibicuruzwa byo hanze byibicuruzwa bituma ibipfunyika bifite umurimo wo kurimbisha, kumenyekanisha ibicuruzwa no guteza imbere ibicuruzwa.
Muri make, umurimo wingenzi wo gupakira ni ugutanga uburinzi mugihe cyo gutwara ibicuruzwa. None, ni ubuhe buryo bwo gutanga ibikoresho no gutwara abantu?
Uburyo bwo gutwara ibintu ni uburyo, uburyo n'ubwoko uburyo bwo gutwara abagenzi n'ibicuruzwa byarangiye. Ukurikije uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu, irashobora kugabanywa muburyo butandukanye. Uburyo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu bukwiranye nibicuruzwa bitandukanye. Uburyo busanzwe burimo ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja, ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi, ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere, ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda, gutwara imiyoboro, ubwikorezi bwa kontineri, hamwe n’ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga.
1. Gutwara umuhanda.
Uburyo bwo gutwara ibicuruzwa nabagenzi mumuhanda cyane cyane ukoresheje imodoka, ariko no gukoresha izindi modoka (nkabantu, ibinyabiziga bikururwa ninyamaswa). Ubwikorezi bwo mumuhanda bukora cyane cyane intera ngufi, ubwikorezi buto nubwikorezi bwamazi, intera ndende, imizigo minini nogutwara intera ngufi aho ibyiza bya gari ya moshi nogutwara amazi bigoye kubigeraho.
Kugeza ubu, ibinyabiziga bifite moteri ku isi bimaze kugera kuri miliyoni zirenga 400. Mu miyoboro igezweho yo gutwara abantu ku isi, imirongo minini ifite 2/3, kilometero zigera kuri miriyoni 20, naho ubwikorezi bwuzuzwa n’ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda bugera kuri 80% y’ibicuruzwa byose. Hafi 10% yubucuruzi bwibicuruzwa. Mu bihugu bimwe na bimwe byateye imbere mu nganda, ubwikorezi n’ibicuruzwa bitwara abagenzi mu mihanda biri mu byiza mu buryo butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu, kandi ubwikorezi bwo mu muhanda bwabaye igice cy’ingenzi kandi gikomeye.
Ibyiza byingenzi byo gutwara abantu n'ibintu ni ibintu byoroshye guhinduka, igihe gito cyo kubaka umuhanda, ishoramari rito, byoroshye guhuza n'imiterere yaho, ibikoresho bya sitasiyo byakira ntabwo bisabwa cyane.Ubwikorezi "Urugi ku nzu" burashobora kwakirwa, ni ukuvuga kuva kumuryango wabatwara kugeza kumuryango wuwakiriye, nta kwimura cyangwa kubikora inshuro nyinshi. Ubwikorezi bwo mumuhanda burashobora kandi gukoreshwa nkuburyo bwo guhuza nubundi buryo bwo gutwara. Radiyo yubukungu yo gutwara abantu muri rusange iri muri kilometero 200. Ariko ubwikorezi bwo mumuhanda nabwo bufite aho bugarukira: umutwaro muto, udakwiriye gupakira ibintu biremereye, binini, ntibikwiriye gutwara intera ndende; Kunyeganyega kw'imodoka ikora ni binini, byoroshye guteza impanuka yibicuruzwa byangiritse no gutandukanya ibicuruzwa. Muri icyo gihe, ikiguzi cyo gutwara kiri hejuru y’ubwikorezi bw’amazi na gari ya moshi.
2. Gutwara abantu muri gari ya moshi.
Gukoresha gari ya moshi zitwara abagenzi nibicuruzwa. Ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi ahanini butwara intera ndende nubwinshi bwimizigo, aribwo buryo nyamukuru bwo gutwara abantu mu bwikorezi. Sisitemu yo gutwara gari ya moshi igizwe nibintu byinshi, kandi byuzuzanya. Hatariho sisitemu ikwiye, gari ya moshi ntizagenda neza. Mu bice amazi ataboneka, hafi ya byose byoherezwa muri gari ya moshi.
Ibyiza ni umuvuduko wihuse, ntabwo bigarukira kumiterere karemano, ubwinshi bwimitwaro, ibiciro byo gutwara ni bike. Ingaruka nyamukuru ni ihinduka ridahwitse, rishobora kugera gusa ku bwikorezi kumurongo uhamye, ukeneye gufatanya nubundi buryo bwo gutwara no guhuza. Hamwe nigihe cya interineti yibintu, ubwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi bwatangije amahirwe mashya yiterambere. Ikoreshwa rya tekinoroji ya interineti yibintu mu bwikorezi bwa gari ya moshi mu gihugu cyacu birashobora gukusanya amakuru y’imodoka n’ibinyabiziga bigenda, nka nimero ya lokomoteri, nimero y’imodoka, imiterere, umwanya, aho biherereye n’igihe cyo kugera, kandi ugakurikirana amakuru ya lokomoteri n’ibinyabiziga na ibicuruzwa mugihe nyacyo. Intambwe yubukungu yo gutwara gari ya moshi muri rusange irenga kilometero 200.
3. Gutwara amazi.
Ubwikorezi bwo mumazi nuburyo nyamukuru bwo gutwara abantu mu bwikorezi, burimo ahanini ubwinshi nubwikorezi burebure. Mu gihugu imbere no ku nkombe z'inyanja, ubwikorezi bw'amazi bukoreshwa nk'uburyo buto bwo gutwara abantu kugira ngo bwuzuze kandi buhuze imirimo myinshi yo gutwara abantu. Ubwikorezi bw'amazi ni igice cy'ingenzi muri gahunda yo gutwara abantu n'ibintu mu Bushinwa, nyuma y’iterambere ry’imyaka myinshi, igihugu cyacu cyabaye ingufu z’amazi akomeye ku isi, amakuru yerekana ko mu 2020 imizigo y’icyambu cy’Ubushinwa cyinjije toni miliyari 14.55, ibicuruzwa biva ku cyambu byinjije 260 miriyoni teu, ibicuruzwa biva mu mahanga hamwe n’ibicuruzwa byinjira ni byo byambere ku isi.
Inyungu nyamukuru yo gutwara amazi nigiciro gito, irashobora gukora igiciro gito, ubwinshi, ubwikorezi burebure. Gutwara amazi nubundi buryo bwo gutwara kugirango ugereranye, ibiyiranga biratandukanye cyane, bizwi nko kohereza ibidukikije kurengera ibidukikije. Gutwara amazi bizagira uruhare runini mubikorwa bikomeye byo gufata ibyemezo nko gufata karubone no kutabogama kwa karubone. Ariko ubwikorezi bwamazi nabwo bufite imbogamizi zigaragara, cyane cyane umuvuduko wo gutwara buhoro, ukoresheje icyambu, urwego rwamazi, ibihe, ikirere, kuburyo guhagarika ubwikorezi igihe kirekire mumwaka.
Hariho uburyo bune bwo gutwara amazi:
(1) Ubwikorezi bwo ku nkombe. Nuburyo bwo gukoresha amato mu gutwara abagenzi nibicuruzwa binyuze mumihanda y'amazi yo ku nkombe hafi yumugabane. Mubisanzwe, amato yo hagati na mato arakoreshwa.
(2) Ubwikorezi bwo hanze. Nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu amato akoreshwa mu gutwara abagenzi nibicuruzwa banyuze mumihanda yinyanja yibihugu duturanye kumugabane. Ukurikije intera, ubwato buciriritse cyangwa buto burashobora gukoreshwa.
(3) Gutwara inyanja. Ese gukoresha amato hakurya y'inyanja uburyo bwo gutwara intera ndende, ahanini bushingiye ku bunini bw'amato manini.
(4) Gutwara imigezi yo mu gihugu imbere. Nuburyo bwo gutwara abantu ukoresheje amato mumazi yinzuzi, inzuzi, ibiyaga ninzuzi biri mubutaka, cyane cyane ukoresheje amato mato mato.
4. Ubwikorezi bwo mu kirere.
Uburyo bwo gutwara abantu nindege cyangwa izindi ndege. Igiciro cyubwikorezi bwo mu kirere ni kinini cyane. Kubwibyo, hari ubwoko bubiri bwibicuruzwa bikwiranye no gutwara. Kimwe ni ibicuruzwa bifite agaciro kanini hamwe nubushobozi bukomeye bwo gutwara ibintu, nkibice byibikoresho byagaciro nibicuruzwa byo mu rwego rwo hejuru. Ibindi ni ibikoresho bikenewe byihutirwa, nk'ubutabazi n'ibikoresho byo gutabara.
Inyungu nyamukuru yo gutwara indege nuko yihuta kandi ntigarukira kubutaka. Ifite akamaro kanini kuko irashobora kandi gushingira ku bwikorezi bwo mu kirere ahantu hadashobora kugerwaho na gari ya moshi cyangwa bisi.
5. Gutwara abantu benshi
Ubwikorezi bwa Multimodal kubugufi, bukozwe kandi butezwa imbere hashingiwe ku gutwara ibintu. Ryerekeza ku gutwara ibicuruzwa byibuze muburyo bubiri butandukanye bwo gutwara abantu n’umushinga utwara abantu benshi kuva aho bafata mu gihugu kimwe bakajya ahabigenewe kugenerwa mu kindi gihugu hakurikijwe amasezerano yo gutwara abantu benshi. Ubwikorezi mpuzamahanga bwa multimodal bubereye amazi, umuhanda, gari ya moshi no gutwara abantu. Mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, kubera ko 85% ~ 90% by’ibicuruzwa byujujwe n’inyanja, ubwikorezi bwo mu nyanja bufite umwanya wiganje mu bwikorezi mpuzamahanga.
Inzira yo gutwara abantu yarangiye hamwe nuburyo bubiri bwubwikorezi igomba guhuzwa hamwe nogutwara ibintu, bikunze kwitwa ubwikorezi butandukanye mugihugu cyacu. Urugero, indege iva i Shanghai yerekeza i JOHANNESBURG, muri Afurika y'Epfo, izagenda mu nyanja - kuva Shanghai yerekeza DURBAN hanyuma ikaza ku butaka - i Durban yerekeza Johannesburg. Ibi bimaze kuba byinshi. Ariko ubwikorezi bwa multimodal muburyo bwubucuruzi mpuzamahanga, ntibukwiye gusa kuba bufite intego nkiyi, ahubwo bugomba no kugira "fagitire yimyenda myinshi" - ni ukuvuga "ubwikorezi bwa multimodal".
Nubwo bimeze gurtyo, icyo dusanzwe dukora nukubona fagitire yinyanja yo kwishyiriraho aho kuba "fagitire ya multimodal yo kwishura". Kubwibyo, nubwo hariho transport nyinshi, ntabwo bihuye nubusobanuro bwa "transport ya multimodal".
Ibyiza ni:
1. Inshingano zihuriweho hamwe nuburyo bworoshye;
2. Kuzigama ibiciro no kugabanya amafaranga yo gutwara;
3. Kugabanya imiyoboro mfatakibanza, kugabanya igihe no kuzamura ubwikorezi;
4. Kunoza imitunganyirize yubwikorezi no gutwara abantu neza;
5, irashobora kugera ku bwikorezi ku nzu n'inzu;
Ukurikije uburyo bwo gutwara abantu, guhitamo ibikoresho byo gupakira ibintu bikurikiza cyane cyane amahame akurikira: Icya mbere, bigomba kuba byujuje ubuziranenge bwigihugu ndetse n’amahanga; icya kabiri, bigomba kuzirikana ko ibikoresho bipfunyika byakoreshejwe bitagomba kugirira nabi abantu nabantu, kandi bifite uburinzi buhagije bwibicuruzwa no kurinda ubushyuhe mugihe cyose cyo gutwara abantu. Igomba kandi kwemeza ko kohereza ibicuruzwa muburyo bwose bwo gutanga ibikoresho bitari bibi.
Igihe cyo kohereza: Ugushyingo-16-2022
